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    Oracle

    Introduction to SQL(Structured Query Language)

    Introduction

    SQL(Structured Query Language) pronounced either as “sequel” or S.Q.L is a query language used to access, interact and manipulate relational databases. A good understanding of SQL will help us to access and manipulate data in different databases like Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL Server, MS Access, IBM DB2, etc.

    SQL has rules of grammar and syntax like normal English and can be easily understood. SQL is an ANSI standard. (American National Standards Institute) .

    Features of SQL

    SQL is a standard language to access and manipulate relational databases. It is not merely a query language. It can also be used to create, update and delete database objects.

    SQL usage is extremely flexible and uses a free-form syntax. ( The same SQL query can be written in a variety of ways)

    The SQL statements can be embedded in other high-level programming languages. like C, Java, etc.

    SQL Statements

    Most of the actions that we need to perform on a database are done with SQL statements. Some database systems require a semicolon(;) at the end of each SQL statement. The semicolon (;) is the standard way to separate each SQL statement.

    The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database. For example, the following SQL SELECT statement will select all the records in the emp database table:

    SELECT * FROM emp;

    SQL is not case-sensitive. For example, both the SQL queries are the same.

    SELECT * FROM emp;

    select * from emp;

    Example SQL Query

    We can specify the exact columns that we want in the SQL statement. Let’s write a simple query to retrieve empno, name, salary, and job details for the employees from the emp table.

    The table structure of the emp table is shown below:

    SQL> DESC emp;
     Name Null? Type
     ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
     EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
     ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
     JOB VARCHAR2(9)
     MGR NUMBER(4)
     HIREDATE DATE
     SAL NUMBER(7,2)
     COMM NUMBER(7,2)
     DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

    Table Structure

    SQL> SELECT empno,ename,job,sal FROM emp;

    Query result:

    SQL> SELECT empno,ename,job,sal FROM emp;
    
     EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL
    ---------- ---------- --------- ----------
     7369 SMITH CLERK 800
     7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600
     7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250
     7566 JONES MANAGER 2975
     7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250
     7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850
     7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450
     7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000
     7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000
     7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500
     7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100

    SELECT TABLE

     

    SQL Commands

    SQL commands can be divided into different types.

    https://www.testingdocs.com/types-of-sql-commands/

    —

    Database Tutorials on this website:

    https://www.testingdocs.com/oracle-database-tutorials-for-beginners/

    More information about Oracle Database:

    https://www.oracle.com/database/

     

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